Dengue Fever: A Biological Threat to Human Health


Introduction
Author Dr. PK Samanta published her Article in SciFed Journal of Applied Microbiology. She completed her Post Graduate in Department of Physics, Prabhat Kumar College, Contai-721 401, West Bengal, India.
Dr. PK samanta has written her opinion on A Biological Threat to Human Health topic Dengue fever has now become a life threat to the people of West Bengal of India. Every week thousands of people are getting attacked by the dengue fever. In some cases death of the patient occurs. Thus it has become a panic to the peoples, to the doctors, to the health officials and to the government. Dengue fever is basically a viral fever with specific symptoms like high body temperature, pains in muscles and joints, acute headache, skin rash swollen lymph nodes etc. However the types of symptoms and its acuteness are different for different patients. Even in case of some patients, other symptoms like bleeding from gums, nose, acute pains behind eyes, soles, black stools are also observed. People of any age may be affected b dengue fever. However it is more pronounced to those people having immune system compromised. It has been reported that about 70-80 million of peoples are infected by dengue fever in which 20% case is dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF) and about 20,000 patients, mostly below 15 age group, died of this fever every year.
The DENV genome is of 11000 bases of ssRNA of positive sense having three structural units of proteins code C, M and E.  It also contains seven nonstructural proteins viz. NS1, NS2a, NS2b, NS3, NS4a, NS4b, and NS5. Besides, it also contains some non-coding regions (short-type) on the 5' and 3' ends.
The dengue virus (DENV) has five anti genically distinct serotypes viz. DENV-1, DENV-2, DENV-3,DENV-4, and DENV-5.  In Singapore the outbreak of first three serotypes (DENV-1, DENV-2,DENV-3) is observed throughout the year. So a person once infected with DENV-1, an immunity of this particular serotype is produced in his life time but may be infected by the rest four serotypes. So there is a definite chance of multiple attacks by dengue to a person.
This fever is transmitted by mosquito (female) called Aedes aegypti. When this mosquito (dengue infected) attacks some persons it injects the dengue virus into the bloodstream of the underlying skin. So the virus now goes to the skin cells and spreads immediately throughout. Usually keratinocytes skin cells are ruinedly affected by this virus. The dengue virus now replicates itself in Langerhans immune cell. Dengue virus affects the monocytes and macrophages white blood cells and spreads over the whole body. It then affects lymph nodes and bone marrow, and later the spleen and liver.
Natural Preparedness of Dengue
Papaya leaves contain Papain which helps not only to digest but also to prevent Dengue viruses. Guava also contains vitamin C which improves the immune system of the body and helps to prevent against any virus. The leaf extract of guava also increases platelets in our body and there by the probability of Dengue infection reduces. It also contains tannin that helps any kind of viral infection in our body.
The Dengue mosquito (Aedes aegyptiII) usually grown up clean water. So it is advised that we should not allow stag any kind of unutilized water in our locality. Moreover, spraying of anti-mosquito fluids like DDT, malathaion etc regularly in the locality is also advised. Moreover it is advised to use mosquito net in windows and also to use in beds.
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Shahida Hasnain and Dr Samir Saha won the Prestigious UNESCO Award For Microbiology


Professor Shahida Hasnain and Dr Samir Saha have been named as the two laureates of the 2017 Carlos J. Finlay UNESCO Prize for Microbiology. The award will be presented to them on 6 November 2017 at the 39th session of the General Conference of UNESCO . The Government of Cuba and UNESCO have established the prize in honour of one of the most important microbiologists in history: Carlos J. Finlay.
 The Carlos J. Finlay UNESCO Prize rewards the efforts of an individual, or of an institution, non-governmental organization or other entity which, through research and development, has made an outstanding contribution to the field of microbiology and its applications. 
Shahida Hasnain, founder and chairperson of the Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics at the University of Punjab in Lahore (Pakistan),    
"Professor Hasnain significantly contributed to advances in research in environmental, agricultural and medical microbiology. She has notably worked on the heavy metal detoxification mechanisms, salt stress tolerance mechanisms, and bacterial morphogenesis," said a statement from UNESCO.
Recently shahida published her article in Journal of Bacteriology & Parasitology with the title 
“Cross-Kingdom Pathogenicity across Plants and Human Beings”. her research describes Plants normally harbour microorganisms beneficial to the plants. However, many of these microbes may cause diseases to human beings in form of food-borne infections. Moreover, plant pathogens may also infect human beings, resulting in cross-kingdom pathogenicity. For instance, many members of Enterobacteriaceae which are pathogens to human beings are also known to cause rots and blights in plants. Many microbes found in rhizospheres of plants are also known to cause diseases (Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Serratiamarsescens, etc.). Therefore, many inhabitants of plants (both rhizosphere and phylosphere) residing in or on plant tissues can be opportunistic pathogens of humans .Despite of the morphological and physiological changes of hosts, microbes have evolved surprisingly to inhabit diverse hosts, thus leading to cross kingdom pathogenicity. There are a number of microbial pathogens capable of infecting both plants and humans. It has been suggested that human pathogens are indirectly transferred to plants through environment or with the aid of any carrier. Plant pathogens can be shifted to humans by direct contact or indirectly through environment.
Dr Samir Saha is the head of the Microbiology Department of the Dhaka Shishu Hospital for children (Bangladesh). He is also the Executive Director of The Child Health Research Foundation at the Bangladesh Institute of Child Health.
As leading researcher in paediatrics, he played a key role in introducing to Bangladesh  vaccines against two bacteria that cause meningitis, which had a direct positive impact on the health of children in the country. He has also led research into the resistance to treatment of some pneumococcal diseases.
Under this Carlos J. Finlay Prize for Microbiology has an endowment of $10,000, This award Created in 1977 by UNESCO at the initiative of the Government of Cuba, the Prize rewards scientists whose research has outstanding contribution to microbiology and its applications.
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Bacteriology



 About Journal: 
      SciFed Journal of Applied Microbiology is an international online, peer –reviewed, multidisciplinary open access journal which strives to publish original and genuine manuscripts about advanced research related to various aspects of microbial diversity and systematic of prokaryotes. Applied Microbiology Journal describes including topics also Medical Microbiology, Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Industrial Microbiology Microbial Biotechnology, Food Microbiology, Agricultural Microbiology Veterinary Microbiology, Environmental Microbiology, Microbial ecology, Geomicrobiology, Microbial Diversity, Water Microbiology, Aeromicrobiology, Cell physiology, Environmental Biotechnology, Ecology, Microbial genetics.
      SciFed has started Applied Microbiology journal in the year 2017, with the cooperation of Editorial Board Members and authors. Most of the editorial team from world class universities and institutes like South Dakota State University, Pennsylvania State University, University of Waterloo, Institute for Technological Researches, University of California San Francisco. Indian Veterinary Research Institute. Our services is  not limited any  one region we have our Editorial team from all over the world like USA, Canada, Spain, China, India, Brazil ,Mexico, Turkey, Germany, Iraq. Apart from regular fields we have Editorial team with following research interests Medical Microbiology, Microbial technology, Synthetic Biology of N2-Fixing Cyanobacteria, T cell biology , physiology, Ecology.
      Scientific Federation would like to invite all young scholars, scientists, professors, research associates to join their helping hands in this community to serve scientific world in better. SciFed Journal of Applied Microbiology will increase the possibility to find the Characterization and Quality of the product by publishing articles and case reports from all around the world
SciFed Journal of Applied Microbiology encourages genuine, non-plagiarized, original and innovative submissions such as research article, review, mini review, rapid communications, case reports and letter to editors, short communications, image article, videos and graphical presentations.
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